{"id":4431,"date":"2018-11-11T15:07:36","date_gmt":"2018-11-11T15:07:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/internationaldiplomat.com\/?p=4431"},"modified":"2018-11-11T15:07:36","modified_gmt":"2018-11-11T15:07:36","slug":"the-oop-killer-in-yemens-crisis-dr-khalid-shibib","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/12h71.com\/?p=4431","title":{"rendered":"The OOP Killer in Yemen\u2019s Crisis  Dr. Khalid Shibib"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The OOP Killer in Yemen\u2019s Crisis Dr. Khalid Shibib<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">At time of writing this article, the echoes of devastating bombing of Hodeida \u2013Al-Thawra hospital in July and of the school bus in \u1e62a\u02bfda in August were ear- deafening and the images across the media horrifying, especially those of dead women and school children. To choose this time to highlight indirect, less visible, yet bigger killer is a challenge that I will try to meet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The conflict in Yemen, the biggest ongoing humanitarian crisis worldwide, is worsening. The United Nations Yemen Humanitarian Action Plan (YHAP) 2018 identifies 22.2 million persons in need of humanitarian assistance (compared to 15.8 in 2015)<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Countries entering into conflict start by having big number of injuries (<strong>direct deaths<\/strong>), while continue to have the same list of \u201cpeacetime\u201d death causes. As conflict continues, this \u201cpeacetime death\u201d occurs at an ever-increasing numbers as indirect result of deterioration of health and socioeconomic condition in the country and decline of health services <strong>(indirect deaths)<\/strong>. These avoidable excessive indirect deaths take place all over the country, including entirely peaceful regions that are not affected by any war actions. (Figure1 below)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Figure1: Typology of conflict mortality<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4438 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/internationaldiplomat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2OOPfigures29a3-300x110.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"110\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Experience from 10 conflict-affected countries shows that injuries remain minor killer compared to other causes of conflict- related mortality<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In Yemen, Ministry of Public Health and Population (MOPHP) -WHO system reported a total of 65, 717 casualties including 9,604 deaths as of 31 May 2018. Conflict-related Injuries can be used as proxy indicator for severity of conflict, also because of associated infrastructure destruction. Injuries were also associated with severity of first wave of cholera outbreak in 2015-2016<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>. War-related Injuries add to a pre-war cohort of injuries of around 11%\u00a0 (mainly caused by traffic accidents). However, non-communicable diseases (NCD) and childhood diseases (combined with severe malnutrition and infections) and <strong>not injuries<\/strong> were the main cause of death before this conflict (see figure 2)<strong> \u00a0and continue to be.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Figure 2: Mortality causes in Yemen<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4437 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/internationaldiplomat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2OOPfigures29a2-300x196.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"196\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Applying experience from other war-torn countries to Yemen, the main death causes illustrated above would continue throughout the conflict at an ever- increasing rates, possibly changing ranking.\u00a0 The ongoing outbreak of cholera that killed over 2000 persons so far is just an example.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The death at much higher rate of malnourished children, delivering mothers and patients with non-communicable diseases is far \u201cless sensational\u201d and less political than injuries as it lacks the noise of bombardment and shooting and are bloodless.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Saving lives in Yemen : The access drama<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Humanitarian access is frequently seen as <strong>access of humanitarian actors<\/strong> to target population and priority locations.\u00a0 The YHAP identifies 10 limitations of access humanitarian partners to priority population and areas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">On the other side, <strong>Yemeni patients face three major access restrictions<\/strong> to life saving services. These are: <strong><em>unavailability,<\/em><\/strong><em> difficult physical <strong>access <\/strong>to and\u00a0<\/em><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Unaffordability<\/em><\/strong><em> of available life-saving medical services<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The unavailability\/partial availability <\/strong>of these services is the result of weak coverage of medical services in Yemen<strong>, <\/strong>one of the lowest among countries of the region <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>. This limited availability is further reduced by years of decline and shrinkage that has been substantially accelerated during the 3 years of conflict. As an example, \u00a0according to Health Resource Availability Monitoring System (HeRAMS) in Yemen, \u00a0out of 3,507 fixed health facilities in Yemen, over 50% have either partially or totally non-functional. Trauma management, maternal and newborn health services as an example were only available in 37% of the facilities. Over 49 districts are without medical doctor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Physical accessibility is hampered by man-made and natural constraints<\/strong>. YHRP estimates that of the 22.2 million people in need of assistance, approximately 1.5 million people live in districts with the high access constraints<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>. Taking the contraction of health service provision network in Yemen into consideration and the fact that around 70% of Yemen\u2019s population live in rural areas, reaching functional health facilities, especially hospitals, implies travelling for long distance. An additional access barrier is cultural: because of lack of sufficient numbers of female health workers, especially in rural areas, families have to travel longer when having a sick female family member. This is another, additional women-specific mortality factor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Unaffordability of services <\/strong>is the main message of this paper<strong>. Once arriving at the life-saving health facility, <\/strong>patients (and family member) have <strong>to pay in cash out of their pocket (OOP) and in advance<\/strong>. Even long before this conflict, around 2\/3 of total health expenditure were made out of pocket (cash) by Yemeni citizens and households as shown by successive National Health Accounts (NHA)<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Figure 3 (P25 and 34 of NHA 2006) shows contribution of OOP (listed under private) to total health expenditures (left slide) and distribution of these expenditures (right slide).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4436 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/internationaldiplomat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2OOPfigures29a1-300x177.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"177\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This Out of Pocket (OOP) spending mainly goes to purchasing medicines; cover hospital expenses, doctor\u2019s fees and costs of surgeries. Lack of operational budget for health facilities and salaries for staff of MOPHP has led to further raising hospital fees (previously moderate fees) to cover part of escalating operational costs. An estimated 30,000 local health workers and operational costs for more than 3,500 health facilities have not been paid for a year <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>. For that, Yemeni patients have to pay more and more official and unofficial fees to get the needed services. De facto, still-functioning public medical care delivery system has been \u201cprivatized\u201d and is substantially paid out of pocket. The incomplete funding o UN agencies and NGOs appeals on one side and the crisis of public health sector downloads into skyrocketing demand for the OOP.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The OOP and economic crisis in Yemen <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the past 3 years of conflict, the real GDP in Yemen has been estimated to contract at about 47.1%. This reduction is directly triggered by conflict that has started early 2015 (figure 4)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Figure 4: Yemen\u2019s public revenues contracted by over 60% since 2014.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4441 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/internationaldiplomat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2OOPfigures29c-300x163.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"163\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As result, the public sector that provided employment for 31% of the total employees collapsed. State employees, and millions of their dependents haven\u2019t received monthly salaries for more than 14 months. Pensions of more than 41,000 retirees have stopped since March 2017 (Figure 5). Meanwhile, employment opportunities in the private sector have significantly diminished<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Figure 5: Within this reduced public budget, its structure also changed. Salaries were irregularly paid mainly to some non-health sectors, operational budget reduced and subsidies to fuel (in green) needed also for hospitals and clinics were removed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4440 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/internationaldiplomat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2OOPfigures29b0-300x155.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"155\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Since 2015-2016, social welfare assistances to 1.5 million cases (households) of the most vulnerable and poorest groups was suspended. The US dollar exchange rate in the parallel market witnessed a significant increase from about YER215 in March 2015 to YER485 in April 2018, an increase of 125.6%. This is turn has substantially increase the prices of all commodities including food but also various medical fees to be paid in cash out of pocket. The devaluation of Yemeni currency destroyed the remaining household capacity to pay out of pocket (OOP).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Figure 6: Devaluation of Yemeni Riyal between 2015-2018<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4435 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/internationaldiplomat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2OOPfigures29a-300x143.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"143\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Poverty is a major cause of ill health and a barrier to accessing health care when needed<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>. Poverty as mortality factor has been proved even in advanced economies like the US<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>. In another study, 4.5% of U.S. deaths were found to be attributable to poverty <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>. In Yemen, it is the biggest killer since cash can overcome unavailability of services (through longer travel to those available) and substantial part of their inaccessibility through paying fees out of their pockets whenever inevitable. An increasing\u00a0 part of OOP \u00a0is the cash to be paid in advance at the facility level, including public, MOPHP \u2013managed facilities, now substantially depending on cash payment by patient at facility level for their survival.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Yemeni patients traditionally look for medical treatment abroad. More than 200,000 Yemenis used to go to Egypt for treatment yearly, with an average expense of $2000 each, summing to $400 million\u00a0annually, (al Khalil 2010)<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>. It is safe to assume that an equal number of Yemenis goes for treatment in Jordan and other countries. With escalating collapse of health services in Yemen and increase demands as result of deteriorating health conditions, the needs would increase for treatment abroad. However, the restrictions on flying out and back to Sana\u2019a and the deterioration of purchasing power of Yemeni citizens may cause additional mortality on this front. Currently, many Yemeni patients and wounded who managed to came for treatment outside Yemen are stranded in these countries<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The main killer in Yemen\u2019s crisis is not war-related injuries but the grave and escalating inability of Yemeni individuals and households to pay out of pocket (OOP) for life-saving interventions against advanced non-communicable diseases, child and maternal diseases. The dramatic deterioration in health care delivery system at a multitude of points (Conflict, contraction of economy, declining public health expenditures) is leading to more and larger out of pocket cash payment by Yemeni citizens who, unlike other system actors, has no escape. However, this citizen has lost most revenues because of economic collapse unemployment, non-payment of salaries for those employed and the dramatic devaluation of Yemeni Riyal. In turn, the ever increasing out of pocket payments \u00a0is further driving majority of Yemen population into deeper poverty and famine like situation. Only a political solution of Yemen\u2019s conflict can stop and revert the ongoing spiral of economic collapse and related death. This is not about reducing deprivation and suffering. It is about saving lives.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> OCHA-<em>Yemen Humanitarian Action Plan 2018 <\/em>At :<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><u><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.de\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjjh9O91dHcAhUFKuwKHUj_AfAQFjAAegQICRAC&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fentity%2Fhealth-cluster%2Fcountries%2Fyemen%2FYemen-humanitarian-response-plan-2018.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw2dp2ZcsAqr_M_dzhVQ8eSi\">www.who.int\/entity\/health&#8230;\/yemen\/Yemen-humanitarian-response-plan-2018.pdf<\/a><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Geneva Declaration 2008 : <em>Global Burden of Armed Violence<\/em> (P33)\u00a0 At : <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.genevadeclaration.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/Global-Burden-of-Armed-Violence-full-report.pdf\">http:\/\/www.genevadeclaration.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/Global-Burden-of-Armed-Violence-full-report.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Guha Sapir et all (2010), quoting the Geneva Declaration 2008 : <em>Demographic and health consequences of civil conflicts,<\/em> World Development Report, (P15). At : <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/web.worldbank.org\/archive\/website01306\/web\/pdf\/wdr_background_paper_sapir_d%27aoust.pdf\">http:\/\/web.worldbank.org\/archive\/website01306\/web\/pdf\/wdr_background_paper_sapir_d%27aoust.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>Dureab, F A, et al: Yemen: <em>Cholera outbreak and the ongoing armed conflict.<\/em> The Journal of Infection in Developing countries, Vol.12 n5, May 2018. At :\u00a0 <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/10129\">https:\/\/jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/10129<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> WHO (2014): <em>Noncommunicable diseases country profiles-Yemen. <\/em>At<em>: <\/em><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/nmh\/countries\/en\/\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/nmh\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>\u00a0 WHO : <em>World health Statistics 2017 : Monitoring Health for SDGs-Yemen<\/em> At :<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/countries\/yem\/en\/\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/countries\/yem\/en\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> OCHA-Reliefweb: <em>Humanitarian access severity\u00a0 Overview <\/em>\u00a0July 2018. At : <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/Humanitarian_Access_Severity_Overview_July_2018.pdf\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/Humanitarian_Access_Severity_Overview_July_2018.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> MoPHP: <em>National Health Account-Yemen<\/em> 2006 (P 22). At : <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/INTHSD\/Resources\/376278-1261143298590\/6660179-1280173228245\/Year2006finalNHAreport.pdf\">http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/INTHSD\/Resources\/376278-1261143298590\/6660179-1280173228245\/Year2006finalNHAreport.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> Health Cluster Bulletin Yemen, September 2017 at : <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/health-cluster\/countries\/yemen\/Yemen-Health-Cluster-Bulletin-September2017.pdf\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/health-cluster\/countries\/yemen\/Yemen-Health-Cluster-Bulletin-September2017.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (2018) : <em>Yemen Socioeconomic Update<\/em>. Issue 34, June 2018 at : <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/yemen\/yemen-2018-socio-economic-update-issue-34-june-2018-enar\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/yemen\/yemen-2018-socio-economic-update-issue-34-june-2018-enar<\/a>. Slides 4,5 and 6 are taken from this issue.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> The World Bank Group (2017) : <em>Yemen Economic outlooks, October 2017<\/em> at : https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/yemen\/publication\/yemen-economic-outlook-october-2017<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> The World Bank (2014): <em>Poverty and Health <\/em>at : <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/health\/brief\/poverty-health\">http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/health\/brief\/poverty-health<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> Peter Dizikes, MIT News office (2016) : <em>New study shows rich, poor have huge mortality gap in U.S.<\/em> At:<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2016\/study-rich-poor-huge-mortality-gap-us-0411\">http:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2016\/study-rich-poor-huge-mortality-gap-us-0411<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> Columbia University\/ Mailman School of Public Health (July 2011) : <em>How Many U.S. Deaths are Caused by Poverty, Lack of Education, and Other Social Factors<\/em>.\u00a0 At : <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mailman.columbia.edu\/public-health-now\/news\/how-many-us-deaths-are-caused-poverty-lack-education-and-other-social-factors\">https:\/\/www.mailman.columbia.edu\/public-health-now\/news\/how-many-us-deaths-are-caused-poverty-lack-education-and-other-social-factors<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"\/#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a>Al Khalil, Aki (May 2010) : <em>Bad medication exhausts Yemenis funds abroad<\/em>. Saba News Agency. At: <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/sabanews.net\/en\/print213173.htm\">http:\/\/sabanews.net\/en\/print213173.htm<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">full PDF illustration :\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/internationaldiplomat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2OOPfigures29.08.pdf\">The OOPfigures29.08<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The OOP Killer in Yemen\u2019s Crisis Dr. Khalid Shibib Introduction At time of writing this article, the echoes of devastating bombing of Hodeida \u2013Al-Thawra hospital in July and of the school bus in \u1e62a\u02bfda in August were ear- deafening and the images across the media horrifying, especially those of dead women and school children. To<br \/><a class=\"moretag\" href=\"https:\/\/12h71.com\/?p=4431\">+ Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4440,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[532,539,547],"tags":[2674,2974,3216,267,3775,3933,3985,4106,4388,2064],"class_list":["post-4431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-contributing-writers","category-english","category-humanitarians","tag-crisis","tag-expenditure","tag-health-public","tag-international-diplomat","tag-meanwhile","tag-ngo","tag-oop","tag-pocket","tag-social-factor","tag-yemen"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/12h71.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/12h71.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/12h71.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/12h71.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/12h71.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4431"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/12h71.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4431\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/12h71.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/12h71.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/12h71.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/12h71.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}